Heavy metal stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth and yield of plants in many parts of the world. The fungus Piriformospora indica, as a mycorrhizal endophytic fungus, stimulates the growth of many plant species and also increases the resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. In this research, the interaction effect of P. indica and Cd on germination of fenugreek, also the interaction effect of P. indica and Cd in soil system were investigated on morphophysiological traits of fenugreek according to a factorial experiment based on completely randomize design (CRD) with 3 replication in two independent experiments. The results of interaction effect of P. indica and Cd on germination of fenugreek showed that Cd stress may give to plants allows germination, but increased in their concentration impaired the some seed germination indices of fenugreek. Also the results of the interaction effect of P. indica and Cd in soil culture showed that Cd stress reduced the most of measured morphological traits mean and increased the most of enzyme studied in fenugreek. According to these results, it seems that the fungus in addition to colonization of fenugreek also has an effect on its improvement in Cd stress.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L. ) is a medicinal plant used as a traditional medicine. Two of the most important medicinal components are diosgenin and trigonelline that have many medicinal properties including anticancer, decreasing blood sugar and cholesterol. In vitro optimization of callus induction and shoot regeneration is the first step in the optimum production of secondary metabolites through plant tissue culture techniques and genetic engineering. To achieve this goal, leaf, hypocotyl and embryo axis explants were cultured on Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium containing various concentrations of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (0, 0. 5, 1. 5 and 2 mg L-1) in combination with 6-benzyl adenine (BA) (0, 0. 5, 1 and 1. 5 mg L-1) producing 48 treatments. The data were analyzed by the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test and the means were compared by the U test of Mann Whitney at 5% probability level. The result of the analysis indicated a significant difference between treatments. Simultaneous callus induction and shoot regeneration occurred in the MS medium supplemented with 0. 5 mg L-1 NAA without BA for the embryo axis explant. However, higher frequency of callus induction for leaf and hypocotyl explants was obtained in the higher concentration of NAA (2 mg L-1).

Present study reports effect of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of leaves and seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. (Fabaceae) on nociceptive response using hot plate method and writhing test in mice. All the extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum showed significant central and peripheral analgesic activity in hot plate method and acetic acid-induced writhing test, respectively, at the dose of 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Methanolic extract of leaves of Trigonella foenum-graecum showed highest increase in reaction time in hot plate method and more inhibitory effect on writhing induced by acetic acid. Pentazocin and paracetamol was taken as standard for hot plate and writhing model respectively.